I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CENTRAL STATION SYDNEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT NORTHERN CONCOURSE. January For Abigroup

Transcription

1 . ARCHAEOLOGCAL ASSESSMENT NORTHERN CONCOURSE CENTRAL STATON SYDNEY January 1999 For Abgroup Wendy Thorp..Cultural Resources Management

2 ' ARCHAEOLOGCAL ASSESSMENT NORTHERN CONCOURSE CENTRAL STATON SYDNEY January 1999 For Abgroup WendyThorp Cultural Resources Management

3 Archaeologcal Assessment: Central Staton- Norlhern Concourse CONTENTS OF THE REPORT 1.0 Precs of the Report The nvestgaton Hstorcal Framework The Archaeologcal Resource Cultural Sgnfcance Management The nvestgaton The Study Area and Subject Consent Condton Status of the Ste Methodology Objectves and Tasks Authorshp, Clent and Acknowledgements Hstorcal Context The Pre-Settlement Envronment Early European Uses The Devonshre Street Cemetery Resumpton and Exhumaton The Evoluton of the Ralway Addtons and Electrfcaton 12

4 Archaeologcal Assessment: Central Staton - Norlhern Concourse The Archaeologcal Resource Pre-Exstng Features.. Structures and Servces Geo-Techncal Evdence Conclusons Cultural Sgnfcance Evaluaton Crtera Assessment of Sgnfcance Management The Proposal Management of the Archaeologcal Resource Documentaton Endnotes.. Bblography

5 Archaeologcal Assessment: SECTON 1.0 PRECS OF THE REPORT 1.1 The nvestgaton The subject of ths nvestgaton s the archaeologcal resource whch may be contaned wthn the area of the northern concourse at Sydney Central Staton. The report has been prepared to meet the condtons of Sydney Cty Councl and the NSW Hertage Councl wth respect to mprovements beng made to ths ste. ts prncpal objectves are to determne f there are archaeologcal ssues to be addressed n the course of the current development and, f so, the most approprate means of managng them. 1.2 Hstorcal Framework CentralStaton - Northern Concourse The study area s located on land whch, pror to European settlement, was part of a large area of sand dunes stablsed by stands of trees. The removal of ths vegetaton for buldng, ndustry and settlement led to eroson and the destablsaton of the dunes. By the early decades of the nneteenth century the ste was largely deforested and covered by grass swards. There s no known European use pre-datng the constructon of the several publc establshments founded here n the early years of the nneteenth century to take advantage of the separaton between the man settlement and ts frnges. These ncluded the Benevolent Asylum and Carters Barracks. The study area s located on land that was frst alenated for use as Sydney's thrd cemetery. Opened n 1820 the frst porton dedcated for the cemetery became the Church of England secton; the study area s located on what was ts western boundary. By the md-nneteenth century the bural ground was n a deplorable and overcrowded state and was the subject of consderable publc crtcsm. t was fnally closed for burals n Untl the end of the nneteenth century the ste remaned ntact but n an ncreasngly neglected and vandalsed condton. The proposal to extend the cty ralway whch had been establshed to the south of the cemetery n the 1850s requred the resumpton of large numbers of propertes to the north ncludng the old bural ground. Approval to exhume and relocate the remans and the gravemarkers was gven n 1901 and the work was completed by The work was panstakng and thorough wth excavaton carred to a depth of two metres over the entre ste to ensure that all human remans were found and removed before the constructon works commenced for the ralway. As well as the burals the work also requred the demolton and removal of all buldngs, walls and other features contaned wthn the cemetery. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 1

6 Archaeologcal Assessment: 1.3 The Archaeologcal Resource 1.4 Cultural Sgnfcance 1.5 Management CentralStaton - Northern Concourse The constructon of the new termnal and ts supportng platforms and buldngs was carred out between 1902 and Apart from the exhumaton, levellng and clearng the study area was not drectly nvolved n ths perod of work. Although mportant addtons were made elsewhere on the new staton ste after ts ntal constructon programme the study area only contaned mnor tracks devoted to goods traffc. Ths almost vacant ste became mportant when the decson was made to electrfy the system n t provded a locaton for a new staton and eght platforms whch were constructed n the perod The results of ths buldng programme reman on ste havng been subject largely only to programmes of modernsaton n the followng years. The study area has had only one dentfable use pror to the constructon of Central Electrc beng part of the Sandhlls Cemetery. There s relable documentaton to show that the burals and other features were comprehensvely removed at the begnnng of the twenteth century to allow for the extenson of the cty ralway. Pror to the constructon of Central Electrc the ste contaned only two mnor goods lnes. The mpact of the varous works assocated wth the constructon of Central Electrc n the 1920s preclude the lkelhood of any relcs of ths mnor use beng found wthn ths ste. The physcal evdence retreved from the cores taken wthn ths ste support ths concluson. The ste encompassed by the study area has assocatons wth an mportant hstorc place n Sydney's hstory, the Devonshre Street Cemetery, but these are not demonstrated n the current fabrc and there s no lkelhood of archaeologcal evdence of ths phase of development. Smlarly the potental for archaeologcal evdence of relcs relevant to the ralway development and whch pre-date the constructon of Central Electrc s mnmal. The ste has no scentfc or research value for archaeologcal purposes. The prncpal sgnfcance of ths ste s contaned wthn the above ground fabrc n ts demonstraton of an mportant phase of development n Sydney's ral network. Ths analyss has dentfed that the proposed work s unlkely to dsturb any relcs. t wll not be necessary, therefore, for the proponents of the development to make applcaton to the Hertage Councl for an Excavaton Permt pror to the commencement of the work.lt should be noted, however, that should any depost, feature or relc of substance and sgnfcance be exposed durng the course of excavaton the ownerslmanagers of the ste are requred to notfy the Hertage Offce of NSW. Relcs are protected by the Hertage Act of NSWwhch requres responsble management of them. t s recommended that: no further archaeologcal work be undertaken for ths ste. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 2

7 < Archaeologcal Assessment: SECTON 2.0 THE NVESTGATON 2.1 The Study Area and Subject 2.2 Consent Condton Central Staton - Northern Concourse The subject of ths nvestgaton s the northern concourse area of Central Electrc Staton a part of the Sydney Central termnal. n the Conservaton Plan for the staton ths s part of Precnct 5, descrbed as "Central Electrc", and to a lesser extent part of Precnct 3, "Sydney Termnal". The excavatons whch are beng undertaken as part of Olympc related upgradng, are on two levels. n the area of the east-west subway excavatons are to be carred out on the western ramp and central ramp and three small areas close to the ramps. On the second level excavatons are to be carred out adjacent to escalator 10 and n the area of platforms and to a lesser extent between platforms Several of these areas already have been excavated for earler works. The nvestgaton broadly encompasses the European "hertage" values of ths ste wth respect to a possble archaeologcal resource. Hertage values are understood to mean the apprecaton of and value placed upon the resource by contemporary socety n terms of the crtera expressed n the Surra Charter and formalsed by the Hertage Offce of NSW. Archaeologcal evdence, or relcs, s defned by the Hertage Act of NSWto be physcal evdence (structures, features, sols, deposts and portable artefacts) that provde evdence of the development of NSW, of non-aborgnal orgn and ffty or more years n age. The work has been ntated by a condton of consent for the development requred by Sydney Cty Councl. Ths condton s that, "the applcant shall apply to the Hertage Councl of NSWfor an Excavaton Permt, n accordance wth Secton 139 of the NSW Hertage Act, pror to any excavaton takng place on the ste", An Excavaton Permt s only sought when the excavaton entals a strong probablty that relcs wll be dsturbed or destroyed by the work. The potental for relcs to be contaned wthn a ste s determned by means of an archaeologcal assessment. The conclusons presented n ths report determ ne the need or otherwse for applcaton to be made for an Excavaton Permt. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 3

8 Archaeologcal Assessment: 2.3 Status of the Ste a revew of the avalable physcal evdence; a determnaton of the probable archaeologcal resource; an evaluaton of cultural sgnfcance wth reference to standard crtera; recommendatons for management strateges; Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Central Staton - Northern Concourse For ths reason Abgroup, who are responsble for the works wthn the study area, have commssoned ths assessment. Ths course of acton had been taken on the advce of the Hertage Offce of NSW. The ste was ncluded n the archaeologcal assessment made for the entre Central Staton ste by HLA-Envroscences Pty Ltd n The areas of Precnct 5 and Precnct 3 ncludng the study area were found to have mnmal or no archaeologcal potental. "Mnmal" was defned as "lkely not to contan archaeologcal meere!" (HLA-Envroscences Pty Ltd, An Archaeologcal Zonng Plan for Central Staton and Adjacent Areas, 1995). The area of Central Staton s dentfed n the Archaeologcal Zonng Plan for Central Sydneyto be one of Archaeologcal Potental-Partally Dsturbed. Ths s an ndcatve assessment and not based on a comprehensve and specfc ste evaluaton. Central Staton has been the subject of an extensve conservaton management plan (Hertage Group State Projects, Sydney/Central Staton Conservaton Management Plan Volumes 1 and 2, State Ral Authorty 1995). 2.4 Methodology Ths report has been prepared n accordance wth the prncples establshed by the Hertage Offce of New South Wales presented n ''Archaeologcal Assessment Gudelnes" (Department of Urban Affars and Plannng, 1996). 2.5 Objectves and Tasks The prncpal objectves of the work have been to dentfy whether there s an archaeologcal ssue to be addressed pror to or durng the course of redevelopment. Ths report dentfes what may be retaned n the ground as an archaeologcal resource, the sgnfcance of that materal and the most approprate means of managng t n the event of t beng dsturbed durng the course of future development. To ths end the followng tasks have been undertaken: prmary and secondary hstorcal research suffcent to determne the physcal development of ths ste n addton to that presented n earler studes; complete documentaton of the programme to standards acceptable to Councl and the Hertage Offce of NSW. Page 4

9 Archaeologcal Assessment: 2.6 Authorshp, Clent and Acknowledgements ;:-----c:="'~t '~-,.....'-."...- Central Staton - Northern Concourse Ths report has been wrtten and researched by Wendy Thorp to meet the requrements of Sydney Cty Councl and the Hertage Offce of NSW. t has been prepared on behalf of Abgroup. The work draws on both prmary and secondary sources. A complete bblography s attached to ths report (Secton 7.2). The author would lke to thank for hs assstance Mr Stuart Lemare (State Ral). Fgure: The StudvArea Wendy Thorp for Abgroup PageS

10 Archaeologcal Assessment: SECTON 3.0 Central Staton - Northern Concourse HSTORCAL CONTEXT Ths secton presents evdence derved from archval sources whch s used to descrbe the evoluton and occupaton of the study area. Ths descrpton provdes the bass for assessng what may be retaned n the ground as archaeologcal evdence of that development as well as provdng a context for determnng the sgnfcance of that resource. The nformaton conmtaned n ths analyss has been drawn from both prmary and secondary sources cted n Secton 7.2. The archval nformaton s presented n sectons whch generally represent the prncpal perods of development and change. These are: The Pre-European Envronment Early European Uses The Devonshre Street Cemetery Resumpton and Exhumaton The Evoluton of the Ralway Addtons and Electrfcaton Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 6

11 Archaeologcal Assessment: 3.1 The Pre-Settlement Envronment Central Staton - Northern Concourse The earlest descrpton of land now occuped by Central Staton ncludng the study area was provded by Governor Phllp. n 1788 he looked towards the area of Surry Hlls and saw that, "between Sydney Cove and Botany Bay the frst space s occuped by a wood, n some parts a mte and a half, n others three mles across; beyond that s a knd of heath, poor, sandy and full ofswamps. As far as the eye can reach to the country s one contnued wood" (1). The land was part of a range of sand hlls. These dunes were stablsed by stands of blackbutts, bloodwoods, angophoras and banksas rooted n farly poor sols (2). Wth the removal of ths vegetaton and the eroson whch resulted from t vast drfts of sand were borne nto the cty by wnds or engulfed nearby fences, roads and houses. The dunes were separated from the brckyards whch occuped Brckfeld Hll by a valley now occuped by Belmore Park and the Haymarket. A stream ran through ths valley across George Street and then empted nto Darlng Harbour. Another stream ran through the Government Paddocks. n the 1830s the valley was oblterated by the ntroducton of approxmately one mllon cubc metres of earth whch had been removed from Brckfeld Hll and placed n ths depresson to make the nclne nto the town less steep and more manageable for horse traffc (3). As the settlement expanded out from Sydney Cove most natural resources, and partcularly tmber, were removed from the landscape ether to be used n buldng, n ndustry or to make way for pasturage or other settlement. Ths was the case on the study area. By the frst decades of the nneteenth century vews show the land for several mles around the settlement to be devod of trees and shrubs. Prncpally t was charactersed by rollng hlls of grass occasonally broken by a tree stump or splt ral fences. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page?

12 Archaeologcal Assessment 3.2 Early European Uses Central Staton - Northern Concourse For the frst decades of the nneteenth century the land encompassed by the study area dd not even appear on maps of the settlement. t was consdered to be too dstant to be a part of t; cartographc representatons of the cty stopped at Brckfeld Hll. Meehan's plan of the cty n 1807showsthe area to be completely undeveloped. n 1810 t was sad that, "Ptt Row at that tme vrtually termnated at Bathurst Street endng n what s termed a dead road. Beyond ths street was what mght be sad to be the country, for there were only a few dwellngs dottng the slope down the Haymarket... The Haymarket wastaken up by the Government Brckyards and the place beyond was qute out n the country" (1). Land grants made n the 1790sand early 1800s, prncpally n Surry Hlls and Ultmo, provded the boundares for the later development of the study area. The latter, also for a short tme, was n prvate ownershp. Orgnally all the land south of Hay Street s sad to have been known as Tom Crbb's Paddocks. Tom s sad to have sold or bartered hs land to the Government n exchange for nne hefers (2). Thereafter the landwas popularlyknown as the Government PaddOCKS or the Cleveland Paddocks, the latter referrng to the Cleveland Estate close by. There s no evdence to show that ether owner made any partcular use of the ste. The frst European addtons to the nowgreatlymodfed landscape were those publc nsttutons whch were thoughtto be betterplaced on the frngesof the town provdng for a comfortable separaton between the ncreasngly respectable settlement and the less reputable poor and desttute of the Benevolent Asylum, the convcts of the Carters Barracks or the departed poneers n the cemetery amongstothers. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 8

13 ~-<.. _... ';1:,~_- r. j /...0! 'J'-~.--; ;.. r /,"!~._../.:.,.....,..,.-.,....,. //.,...of> " : ~..,.. r L. /....,.;,--...,-,......_,.. ~.... n '-'...;". '~ '. ~..,tff:' 4{~, \,,-' '" ~t ~~ '..!,.. ~-....,...~...~. ~ :\.&: ~".t-,, :;.t.~".j :.:..t-~ ~ '. 0 _.,! '",... ~k:".; ::-0 " '.'......: :... "..... ; 0 ~ "... '. '~"" - ~'1-'~~. 'r, t:, J ~". :.( ~?-. {~..- -./;.-. --~' '.. '..~,,'. '; andste 0 f~,.l-ureralway 'u,. " c.,..'.... wth a track crossmg ~Ylum, Cemetery. S" Map 5618)

14 Archaeologcal Assessment: 3.3 The Devonshre Street Cemetery Central Staton - Northern Concourse Between 1793 and 1820 Sydney's prncpal bural ground was on the ste of the present St Andrew's Plaza between St Andrew's Cathedral and the Town Hall. n the later years of ts exstence the cemetery was almost flled to capacty. t became neglected and overgrown, n places a dumpng ground. A new ste was a necessty and t was consdered desrable that ths should be some dstance from the town. The new ste was reserved n 1818 by Governor Lachlan Macquare. t comprsed four acres surrounded by a hgh brck wall. Ths orgnal grant encompassed what was to become the Church of England secton wth ts prncpal frontage to Elzabeth Street. The study area les wthn the extreme western porton of ths grant. None of the surveys of the ste durng the nneteenth century show any of the cottages contaned wthn the Church of England Secton to be on the study area. The area of the cemetery was expanded through the addton of several land grants. Ultmately t enclosed sectons devoted to each major Chrstan denomnaton as well as a Jewsh secton. The new cemetery was consecrated n 1820 and was subject to strct rules wth respect to the sze and placement of vaults. By the 1830s the approprately named Sandhlls or Devonshre Street Cemetery was already overcrowded and the Church of England secton was a cause for partcular concern because of the shallow and multple burals contaned wthn t. n 1859 the the Cty Health Offcer stated that ths secton had attracted many publc complants and expressons of concern because of ts condton. Although t had been closed for general burals famly vaults were stll n use and addtonal burals were made each week. Some coffns were less than two feet from the surface (1). n 1878 the Mnster for Publc Works gave nstructons for a Bll to be drafted whch would provde for the closure of the cemetery. Apart from the health ssues rased by the Bll t was also ntended to provde for the extenson of the ralway. t dd not proceed; t was not untl 1888 and several thousand addtonal burals later before the cemetery was fnally closed for all nterments. Durng the later years of the nneteenth century the bural ground wth ts thousands of memorals and gravestones remaned a pcturesque relc of a former tme. However, t had lapsed nto a deplorable state. t was 'covered n places wth near mpenetrable scrub, many tombstones had fallen over and some had been broken nto. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 9

15 l,,,, t, t t, L ~,..1. \! 1 ~/ \... ~. /ll"j,... ".11 ) f -- r \~.'.." \ *~ 'll r.! X --- o / l.../ / \ c " u r c h of ~... '"P D ~ V 0 X S f 1 R E x- STREET... 7(----==-=--==.----~-~-:::. ~~~ --./ t / l/ j / / c. c..";: ~ j / J / J! J t / Presbyfer"n r--'-'-'-'-'--'\ r--el 0 / -:_1-_. _ ~ frts!nd..~ r>: --~ !f;l/ l. ---'-'--;.1!! f f! t j t f l- "J". C E ~f o -e, E T E R Y.' '.". tr.... Hrs br'.", '.,:.>: :~~:~:~:;,:~V\~?::''':;:.'.,.. "... '! '.,. x (2nd Ed'l'ol') SHEET...,.. S'." '1'..... \ ':. ':..:. ~''''?A.!. ~.. İ... /l.~~. The extent of the Cemetery n 1885 (ML M Ser /1) / J _, /! ~! A,! !.J :) 1... &' : ~- 1.s

16 Archaeologcal Assessment: 3.4 Resumpton and Exhumaton Central Staton - Northern Concourse Snce ts constructon n the 1850s on the governmentpaddocks beyond the cemetery several proposals had been made to expand the ralway to the north, closer to the cty. Several stes were consdered but the land to the north always remaned the favoured area to be resumed for ths purpose. The most controversal ssue n ths proposal was the need to exhume and relocate the remans of the thousands bured n the former Sandhlls Cemetery. Parlamentary approval for ths step was granted n From that year some 30,156 burals were exhumed; a new cemetery was constructed at La Perouse to provde for the relocated remans. The exhumaton process was a lengthy and panstakng one undertaken by the Department of Publc Works. The excavaton of the ste was carred out to a depth of sx feet to ensure that all remans were located and removed n a dgnfed manner (1). Photographc evdence shows the extent and thoroughness of the work ncludng the complete removal of the wall surroundng the cemetery and all buldngs and gravemarkers contaned wthn t. The works assocated wth the exhumaton and demolton were completed n Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 10

17 Archaeologcal Assessment: 3.5 The Evoluton of the Ralway Central Staton - Northern Concourse Untl the later years of the nneteenth century the cty ralway ste termnated at Devonshre Street where t faced across those few metres of thoroughfare the gates of the cemetery to the north. Work on the frst termnus commenced n 1852 and contnued ntermttently untl the 1860s. The nadequacy of ths frst staton was overcome by the constructon of a new termnus n '1871. Ths was located on land just to the south of Devonshre Street. The new staton and ts several platforms were opened n By the end of the century the avalable land surroundng ths termnus had been overtaken by a haphazard growth of sheds, platforms and other works. Proposals were made n the later 1890s to extend the system over the ste of the old bural ground. After several reports and nvestgatons the Parlamentary Standng Commttee accepted a proposal n 1901 to remove the Sydney Termnal to the northern sde of Devonshre Street (1). The constructon of the new termnal and ts supportng platforms and buldngs occurred between 1902 and The work nvolved, followng the exhumaton of the cemetery, the demolton and levellng of all other works n the area. By 1902 t was reported that, "all the old buldngs and the human remans have been removed from the ste...the levellng ofthe whole ste s practcallycompleted" (2). The work nvolved n constructng the new staton encompassed excavaton and levellng of the area on the eastern sde of the block and buldng up areas on the west near Lee Street to make t level wth the old staton ste. The staton was opened to the publc n Apart from the exhumaton, levellng and clearng the study area was not drectly nvolved n ths perod of work. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 11

18 f"~ 'tr.~"-~':;-;: '-'F~W.:f.'tg;~rrl' r.;: ;: \~.; ",- ~:::_':>;'~"::~~'.-'., 1:;). ~-- rl -,! j'---. UJ ;] --. l L.!'-.., 7""-,... ~ :...: ~ --~--::J,.~>r1"~~"'.:+.~~~-.'J'T t >.: """.... -: \ \,:;-,. \. ~\..".. \...:. "... \,!,,._ J '. l.1!,;, j!". q ' 11 j.".~~- -, c; c P.,.:::::::.-- c-... _/ The nneteenth ceqtury ralway staton, 1896(ML ~4~1:.1 ~~~~:~~:~ll ~: ~- -:.<:':"!,,?,=t~..

19 Archaeologcal Assessment: Central Staton - Northern Concourse 3.6 Addtons and Electrfcaton Several mportant addtons were made to new staton after the ntal programme of constructon ncludng the parcels post offce n 1910 (extended 1912) and the western wng and the clock tower n the years between 1915 and Wthn the study area though were only two tracks used for goods traffc (1). Electrfcaton of the system had been proposed n 1909 and approved n 1915 but the War caused the project to be delayed; work dd not occur untl The study area was ncluded n the land mpacted upon by the works assocated wth ths majordevelopmenttermed Central Electrc. The massve constructon works ncluded the fly-overs, a ramp from Eddy Avenue, two new entrances and the extenson of the Devonshre Street subway from Chalmers Street. Platforms were constructed n the perod Essentally the eght tracks provded four for the cty ralway and four for county traffc. An above ground staton provded a lnk to move passengers and baggage to the Sydney Term nal. The northern concourse was constructed to contan the tcket wndows and the departures board The ste has been the subject of numerous works snce ts constructon but these have largely been cosmetc mprovements. The structures bult n the 1920s reman the prncpal components wthn the study area. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 12

20 '~~~~~~t!l~~~~{ -:.<~~'~.;~r:.-::~2; "'~"~".. '... ":., -7-".. _. Central Ralway Staton n 1913; the western carrage shed s descrbed as the "up carrage shed" (SRA Archves). " :...! '::~:

21 Plan ofthe study area n 1965 (SRA Arch'ves) 1 1. r _) ".::=' t :, -..~.,.-,--..,---~~...~ ":".--_. -~_.._-...:"" ~.-.~..-,:-,~c::::::.::::..~_ _...-.,_..., ,. _.._..._

22 Archaeologcal Assessment: SECTON 4.0 THE ARCHAEOLOGCAL RESOURCE 4.1 PreQExstng Features 4.2 Structures and Servces 4.3 Geo-Techncal Evdence 4.4 Conclusons Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Central Staton - Northern Concourse The only known European use of the ste pror to the constructon of Central Electrc was as part of the orgnal grant and subsequently Church of England porton of the Sand Hlls or Devonshre Street cemetery. All the burals, markers, walls and other features of ths bural ground were completely and thoroughly removed n Before the constructon of Central Electrc the ste dd contan some goods lnes. The ste contans the platforms, ramps and escalators assocated wth the northern concourse of Central Electrc constructed n and modfed on several occasons snce that tme. Some geo-techncal testng has been undertaken on the ste. t has revealed a profle of surfaces ncludng concrete slab, asphalt and tles over deep deposts of fll. the latter s charactersed by slty clay sols and gravel over sandstone rubble. The fll and rubble vared n depth to up to nearly 3.5 metres. No cultural materal appeared n any of the cores. The study area has had only one dentfable use pror to the constructon of Central Electrcbeng part of the Sandhlls Cemetery. There s relable documentaton to show that the burals and other: features of ths bural ground were comprehensvely removed at the begnnng of the twenteth century to allow for the extenson of the cty ralway. Pror to the constructon of Central Electrc the ste contaned only two mnor goods lnes. The mpact of the varous works assocated wth the constructon of Central Electrc n the 1920s preclude the lkelhood of any relcs of ths mnor use beng found wthn ths ste. The physcal evdence retreved from the cores taken wthn ths ste support ths concluson. Page 13

23 1 Archaeologcal Assessment: SECTON 5.0 CULTURAL SGNFCANCE 5.1 Evaluaton Crtera An hstorcal analyss provdes the context for assessng sgnfcance. Ths analyss s presented n Secton 3.0. An assessment of sgnfcance s made by applyng standard evaluaton crtera to the facts of the tem's development and assocatons. These crtera are dvded nto two categores:. Nature of Sgnfcance Comparatve Sgnfcance Central Staton - Northern Concourse "Hertage sgnfcance", "cultural sgnfcance" and "cultural value" are all terms used to descrbe an tem's value or mportance to our own socety. Ths value may be contaned n the fabrc of the tem, ts settng and ts relatonshp to other tems, the response that the tem stmulates n those who value t now and n the hstorcal records that allow us to understand t n ts own context. An assessment of what s sgnfcant s not statc. Sgnfcance may ncrease as more s learnt about the past and as tems become rare, endangered or are found to document and llustrate aspects that have acqured a new recognton of mportance. Determnng cultural value s at the bass of all plannng for places of hstorc value. A clear determnaton of sgnfcance permts nformed decsons for future plannng that wll ensure that the expressons of sgnfcance are retaned, enhanced or at least are mnmally mpacted upon. A clear understandng of the nature and degree of sgnfcance wll determne the parameters for and flexblty of any future development. The four basc crtera used n the nature of sgnfcance category are those of Evoluton and Assocatons (Hstorc), Creatve and. Techncal Accomplshment (Aesthetc), Communty Esteem (Socal) and Research Potental (Scentfc). Comparatve sgnfcance s assessed accordng to rarty or representatve values. tems have value f they meet at least one of the nature of sgnfcance crtera and are good examples of ether or both of the comparatve crtera. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 14

24 Archaeologcal Assessment: 5.2 Assessment of Sgnfcance The ste encompassed by the study area has assocatons wth an mportant hstorc place n Sydney's hstory, the Devonshre StreetCemetery but t s not demonstrated n the currentfabrc and there s no lkelhood of archaeologcal evdence Of ths phase of development. Smlarly the potental for archaeologcal evdence of relcs relevant to the ralway development and whch pre-date the constructon of Central Electrc s mnmal. The ste has no scentfc or research valuefor archaeologcal purposes. The prncpal sgnfcance of ths ste s contaned wthn the above ground fabrc n ts demonstraton of an mportant phase of development n Sydney's ral network. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Central Staton - Northern Concourse Page 15

25 ArchaeologcalAssessment: SECTON 6.0 MANAGEMENT Central Staton - Northern Concourse 6.1 The Proposal The work s ntended to create ease of access to and from the platforms at Sydney Central Staton by means of passenger lfts and a star. The project also encompasses the enlargement of the western, central and southern sectons of the northern concourse for the antcpated ncreased traffc flow resultng from vstors to Sydney for the Olympc Games. Four lfts are to be excavated at the concourse to a depth of two metres nto the bedrock. Another lft s to be located n the Eastern Suburbs starwell and s to be excavated sx metres nto the bedrock below the concourse level. Platform s to be excavated seven metres nto bedrock below the platform level. 6.2 Management of the Archaeologcal Resource Ths analyss has dentfed that the proposed work s unlkely to dsturb any relcs. t wll not be necessary, therefore, for the proponents of the development to make applcaton to the Hertage Councl for an Excavaton Permt pror to the commencement of the work. t should be noted, however, that should any depost, feature or relc of substance and sgnfcance be exposed durng the course of excavaton the ownerslmanagers of the ste are requred to notfy the Hertage Offce of NSW. Relcs are protected by the Hertage Act of NSW whch requres responsble management of them. t s recommended that: no further archaeologcal work be undertaken for ths ste. Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 16

26 Archaeorog~alAssessment SECTON 7.0 DOCUMENTATON 7=1 Endnotes Secton 3.1 Central Staton - Northern Concourse 1. Quoted n Chrstopher Keatng, Surry Hlls the Cty's Backyard, Doug Benson and Jocelyn Howell, Taken for Granted The Bushland of Sydney and ts Suburbs, James Maclehose, Pcture of Sydney and Strangers Gude to NSW for 1839, 69. Secton The Memors of Obed West, Geoffrey scott, Sydney'S Hghways ofhstory, 55. Secton Legslatve Assembly 1863 Bural Grounds Sydney. report of the Offcer of Health 9 December Secton NSWParlamentary Papers 1901, 759 Secton Hertage Group State Projects, Central Staton Conservaton Management Plan Volumes 1, PWD Annual Report , 4-5. Secton Plan of Central Ralway Staton Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Page 17

27 l Archaeologcal Assessment: 7.2 Bblography Books and Reports Doug Benson and Jocelyn Howell Taken for Granted The Bushland of Sydney and ts Suburbs kangaroo Press Hertage Group State Projects Central Staton Conservaton Management Plan Volumes 1 and 2 State Ral Authorty Chrstopher Keatng Surry Hlls the Cty's Backyard Hale and remonger Max Kelly and Ruth Croker. Sydney Takes Shape Doak Press Tm McCormack Frst Vews ofaustrala Davd Ell Press Edward Marrott The Memors ofobed West Barcom Press Publc Works Department NSW Annual reporls Geoffrey Scott. Sydney'sHghways ofhstory. Georgan House Gudes and Drectores James Maclehose Pcture ofsydneyand Strangers Gude to New South Wales 1839 Facsmle Edton. John Ferguson Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Central Staton - Northern Concourse Page 18

28 ' Archaeologcal Assessment: Parlamentary and Departyental Records Legslatve Assembly Bural Grounds Sydney Report ofthe OffcerofHealth 9 December NSW Parlament Votes and Proceedngs ofthe Legslatve Assenmbly Maps and Plans NSW Department of Lands Metropoltan Detf!ll Seres Sydney 1888 ML M Ser /1 Plan of Central Ralway Staton 1913 SRA Archves Wendy Thorp for Abgroup Central Staton - Northern Concourse Page 19