Permaculture for the Homesteader and Gardener

Transcription

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2 Permaculture fr the Hmesteader and Gardener

3 Histry Cre Tenants & Principles Thery Design Principles Cmmn Strategies & Practices

4 What is Permaculture? A system f agricultural and scial design principles based n emulating patterns and features bserved in nature. "Permaculture is a philsphy f wrking with, rather than against nature; f prtracted and thughtful bservatin, rather than prtracted and thughtless labr; and f lking at plants and animals in all their functins, rather than treating any area as a single prduct system. Bill Mllisn

5 Seeks t: integrate peple, land, resurces thrugh mutually beneficial cperatin imitate the n-waste, clsedlp systems seen in diverse natural systems

6 A multidisciplinary tlbx includes: agriculture water harvesting and hydrlgy energy natural building frestry waste management animal systems aquaculture apprpriate technlgy ecnmics cmmunity develpment

7 A design system using cncepts, materials, and strategic cmpnents t benefit life in all its frms Wrk with, rather than against, nature Reduce ftprint Identify and apply hlistic slutins applicable t any scale rural and urban setting

8 It has many branches that include, but are nt limited t: eclgical design envirnmental design & cnstructin integrated water resurces management sustainable architecture

9 Jseph Russell Smith tk up an antecedent term as the subtitle fr Tree Crps: A Permanent Agriculture saw the wrld as an inter-related whle and suggested mixed systems f trees with crps belw 1930s Tyhik Kagawa pineered frest farming in Japan - inspiratin fr sustainable agriculture Masanbu Fukuka advcated n-till rchards, gardens and natural farming Australian P. A. Yemans 1940s - intrduced bservatin-based apprach t land use in Australia 1950s used keyline design t manage the supply and distributin f water 1964 defined permanent agriculture as that which can be sustained indefinitely in his bk Water fr Every Farm

10 Stewart Brand and Mark Lynas grandfather s f the Green Mvement Ruth Stut and Esther Deans pineered n-dig gardening 1978 Permaculture first cined by Australians David Hlmgren (then a graduate student) and his prfessr, Bill Mllisn riginally referred t "permanent agriculture", but expanded t als stand fr "permanent culture Primary agenda: t assist peple t becme mre self-reliant thrugh the design and develpment f prductive and sustainable gardens and farms

11 Cre Tenets f Permaculture The three cre tenant: Care fr the Earth Care fr the Peple Return f Surplus (Fair Share)

12 Cre Tenets f Permaculture Care fr the earth: Cnditin necessary fr all life systems t cntinue and multiply Withut a healthy earth, humans cannt flurish Apply envirnmentally and scially sund principles Fd, water and energy independence Small-scale and lng-term prductivity Rejuvenate landscapes

13 Cre Tenets f Permaculture Care fr the peple: Cnditin fr peple t access thse resurces necessary fr their existence Encurage active cperatin Empwer peple t act and care fr themselves, family and cmmunity Develp netwrks and trust

14 Cre Tenets f Permaculture Return f surplus: aka Fair Share take n mre than what is needed befre we reinvest the surplus Reinvest surpluses back int the system t prvide fr the first tw ethics Includes returning waste back int the system t recycle int usefulness

15 Permaculture Design Principles Thery Derived frm the science f systems eclgy and study f pre-industrial examples f sustainable land use Central cncept: maximize useful cnnectins between cmpnents and synergy f the final design Fcus is nt n each separate element, but rather n the relatinships amng and between elements, the whle becming greater than the sum f its parts. Seeks t minimize waste, human labr, and energy input by building systems with maximal benefits between design elements t achieve a high level f synergy. Designs evlve ver time just like natural systems

16 Eclgy: Life s Netwrks Nested ecsystem Micrclimates are nested in biregins Biregins are nested in Earth s bisphere Lcal systems are bth autnmus and interdependent The greater diversity within a system, the mre resilient it is The greater the diversity, the mre energy is used efficiently

17 Eclgical Design Principles Preserve genetic diversity Respect life f all species Allw ecsystems t evlve Use species and habitats sustainably Design clsed systems in which all needs are met

18 Functins f healthy ecsystems: Create and supprt life Clean air and water thrugh filtratin Regulate the atmsphere by recycling nitrgen and carbn Build healthy sils Manage pests and diseases Perpetuate themselves Becme clsed systems

19 Our Eclgical Ftprint The measure f a persn, twn, city r a natin s use f resurces Average American requires apprx. 17 acres t sustain lifestyle Everything we cnsume requires: Raw resurces Prcessing Manufacturing Handling Transprtatin

20 Eclgical ftprint (cuntries f ne millin peple r mre) Cuntry Ftprint per persn Hw many Earths? Kuwait 8.9 glbal hectares 5.1 Australia United Arab Emirates Qatar United States f America Canada Sweden Bahrain Trinidad and Tbag Singapre Surce: GFN (2011 data)

21 Energy Flw All life frms require energy Sunlight > phtsysnthesis > chemical energy (carbhydrates, sugars, waxes, ils) Energy flws thrugh the fd chain via cnsumptin Matter cycles Eat and be eaten

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23 Surplus causes pllutin Biaccumulatin / txicity Systemic pisning f water, air, sils Shrtages result in depletin Shrtage f nutrients results in pr grwth / death Balance When fd chains interlck they frm a fd web

24 Aquatic Fd Web Terrestrial Fd Web

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26 Limiting factrs Temperature Rainfall Sil Daylength Altitude Climate is the primary determinant f vegetatin

27 Successin

28 14 Permaculture Design Principles 1. Observe and interact 2. Cnnect 3. Catch and stre energy 4. Each element perfrms multiple functins - stacking functins 5. Each functin is supprted by multiple elements - redundancy 6. Least change fr greatest effect 7. Use small and slw slutins 8. Optimize edges 9. Use and value renewable resurces and services 10. Turn prblems int slutins 11. Obtain a yield 12. Creatively use and respnd t change 13. Apply self-regulatin and accept feedback 14. Mistakes are tls fr learning

29 Design Principles (cnt.) 1. Observe and Interact: Get t Knw the Land Use prtracted and thughtful bservatin rather than prlnged and thughtless actin. Observe yur land thrugh all f the seasns befre taking actin. Tpgraphy Sils Slar rientatin Hydrlgy Climate and Micrclimates Cldest and httest temps Prevailing winds Cld sinks, ht spts Length f day USDA Regin Existing Vegetatin Fire Danger Neighbrs Views Nise Wildlife

30 Design Principles (cnt.) 2. Cnnect Use relative lcatin: Place elements in ways that create useful relatinships and time-saving cnnectins amng all parts 3. Catch and Stre Energy / Energy Cycling Frm sun t water t waste, seek t create a clsed-lp cycle Cnservatin

31 Design Principles (cnt.) 4. Each element perfrms multiple functins - Stacking Functins Chse and place each element t perfrm as many functins as pssible Nthing has just ne functin a trellis supprts and shades A cmpst pile recycles waste, bsts sil health, gives yu exercise Beneficial cnnectins between diverse cmpnents create a stable whle

32 5. Each functin is supprted by multiple elements Redundancy Use multiple methds t achieve imprtant functins and t create synergies. Redundancy prtects when ne r mre elements fail Plants benefit frm multiple strategies: irrigatin, mulching, wind deflectin, shade, cmpanin planting

33 6. Least Change fr Greatest Effect Find the leverage pints in the system and intervene there, where the least wrk accmplishes the mst change 7. Use Small and Slw Slutins Start with the smallest slutins that will d the jb, and Build n yur successes, with variatins Grw by chunking

34 8. Optimize Edges Nature desn't waste space, and it ften uses edges (f pnds, paths, etc) fr greater diversity By increasing the amunt f edges yu can increase yur wn diversity keyhle gardens 9. Use Bilgical and Renewable Resurces Use small branches fr a trellis instead f a plastic stre-bught versin

35 10. Turn Prblems int Slutins Cnstraints can inspire creative design 11. Obtain a Yield: Design fr bth immediate and lng-term returns frm yur effrts: Yu can t wrk n an empty stmach. 12. Creatively Use and Respnd t Change The designer s imaginatin and skill limit prductivity and diversity mre than any physical limit

36 Design Principles (cnt.) 13. Apply Self-Regulatin and Accept Feedback: Lk at what is wrking and nt wrking, r even feedback frm yur neighbrs Ignring the signs f a dysfunctinal system spells disaster 14. Mistakes are tls fr learning Lk at what is wrking and nt wrking feedback frm yur neighbrs

37 6 Permaculture Znes: Znes 0-5 Znes - a way f intelligently rganizing design elements n the basis f the frequency f human use and plant r animal needs Frequently manipulated r harvested elements lcated clse t the huse Less frequently used r manipulated elements, and elements that benefit frm islatin (such as wild species) are farther away Znes are abut psitining things apprpriately, and are numbered frm 0 t 5

38 Thery Reality

39 Permaculture Znes (cnt.) Zne 0 The huse, r hme center Aim t reduce energy and water needs Harness natural resurces such as sunlight and rf and grey water Create a harmnius, sustainable envirnment in which t live and wrk

40 Permaculture Znes (cnt.) Zne 1 zne nearest t the huse elements that require frequent attentin, r that need t be visited ften salad crps herb plants sft fruit like strawberries r raspberries greenhuse and cld frames, prpagatin area wrm cmpst bin fr kitchen waste, etc. raised beds in urban areas

41 Permaculture Znes (cnt.) Zne 2 perennial plants that require less frequent maintenance, such as ccasinal weed cntrl r pruning berry bushes beehives rchards chicken cp pumpkins and squash rabbit hutches sweet ptats large-scale cmpsting bins crn

42 Permaculture Znes (cnt.) Zne 3 Crps bth fr dmestic use and fr trade purpses After establishment, minimal care and maintenance required watering r weed cntrl maybe nce a week

43 Permaculture Znes (cnt.) Zne 4 semi-wild area grazing animals frage and wild fd prductin f timber fr cnstructin r firewd

44 Permaculture Znes (cnt.) Zne 5 Wilderness area N-interventin apart frm the bservatin f natural ecsystems and cycles A natural reserve f wildlife, fungi, bacteria, mlds and insects that can aid all znes

45 Permaculture Strategies & Practices Prduce N Waste Precycle - practice f cnsuming, while keeping waste reductin in mind recycle, reuse, cmpst...wrk tward nthing ging t the dump Prduce n waste thrugh using all resurces as nature des Minimize maintenance and inputs Design frm Patterns t Details Lk fr patterns in nature t wrk with runded edges and spirals t cnserve energy

46 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Integrate Rather Than Segregate: Sme plants can supprt yur trees, yur trees can supprt yur animals, and s n. Creating synergy, create less wrk Fruit trees prvide fd as well as shade Bamb culd prvide stakes fr supprting ple beans and ther vining plants. Grw many types f perennial fd plants such as arrwhead, srrel, chicry, and asparagus in additin t standard garden vegetables

47 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Use and Value Diversity Dn't plant ne variety f tmat, r invest in ne breed f animal Diversity creates health and minimizes the lss frm disease, drught, etc. grw as many different and nn-cmpeting crps as pssible

48 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Layers A healthy ecsystem has a huge number f relatinships between its cmpnent parts a diverse cmmunity f life is able t grw in a relatively small space, as each layer is stacked ne n tp f anther. 7 recgnized layers in a fd frest (sme include fungi as an eighth layer)

49 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) 8 recgnized layers in a Fd Frest 1. Canpy the tallest trees in the system; large trees dminate but d nt cmpletely cver an area 2. Sub-canpy trees that grw in dappled light f the canpy

50 3. Shrub layer Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) a diverse layer f wdy perennials f limited height; includes mst berry bushes 4. Herbaceus layer annuals, biennials r perennials large variety f beneficial plants may die back t the grund every winter many culinary and medicinal herbs

51 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) 5. Grundcver: verlap with the Herbaceus layer grw much clser t the grund, grw densely t fill bare patches f sil cver crps retain sil and minimize ersin green manures that add nutrients and rganic matter t the sil, especially nitrgen

52 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) 6. Undergrund / Rt Crp layer ptates and ther edible tubers 7. Vertical / Climbing layer climbers r vines runner beans and lima beans (vine varieties) grapes kiwi

53 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) 8. Rhizsphere (Fungal) Rt layer within the sil majr cmpnents are sil rganisms that live within it in relatinship with rts sil rganisms: bacteria, fungi, micrarthrpds, insects, nematdes, wrms, etc.

54 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Guilds a grup f species where each prvides a unique set f diverse functins that wrk in cnjunctin, r harmny mutually beneficial Mre cmplex than cmpanin planting

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56 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Principles f a Guild based n frest eclgy grups f plants, animals, insects, etc., that wrk well tgether fd prductin tap rts that draw nutrients up frm deep in the sil supprts a greater variety f sil rganisms nitrgen-fixing legumes attract beneficial insects and pllinatrs repel harmful insects and disease

57 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Stacking Functins every element in a design perfrms mre than ne functin Trees can prvide fruit, prvide shade, and act as a windbreak Dill can be used as a herb, the flwers attract beneficial insects, and add visual appeal t yur garden Hedges can prvide fruit, privacy, and shelter fr wildlife Pnds can grw aquatic plants, hld fish, and attract birds and ther wildlife Walls can give privacy, supprt climbing plants, and stre heat (fr grwing plants in cler areas)

58 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Edge effects the effect f the juxtapsitin r placing side by side f cntrasting envirnments n an ecsystem It s where differing systems meet: frest and meadw cean and land muntains and valleys generally the mst diverse parts f ecsystems wavy r undulating edges have greater length than simple vals, circles and rectangles

59 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.)

60 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Fd Frests an integrated apprach f cmbining trees and shrubs with crps and/r livestck Cmbines agricultural and frestry technlgies t create mre diverse, prductive, prfitable, healthy and sustainable land-use Mimic natural frests incrprate prcesses and relatinships knwn t be valuable in natural ecsystems Numerus permaculturists are prpnents f Fd Frests: Graham Bell wrte The Permaculture Garden in 1995 Patrick Whitefield wrte Hw t Make a Frest Garden in 2002 Dave Jacke and Eric Tensmeier c-authred the tw vlume bk set Edible Frest Gardening in 2005 Geff Lawtn presented the film Establishing a Fd Frest in 2008.

61 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Fd Frest examples

62 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Edible Landscaping An integrated apprach f cmbining edible plants and trees within a traditinal landscape r make it lk like a mre traditinal landscape Rsalind Creasy, Edible Landscaping, 2010

63 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Edible Landscape Examples

64 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Hügelkultur Practice f burying large vlumes f wd t increase sil water retentin and add rganic matter t the sil masses f buried wd can absrb enugh water during the rainy seasn t sustain crps thrugh the dry seasn Technique riginated by Sepp Hlzer used by permaculturalists Tby Hemenway, Paul Wheatn and Masanbu Fukuka

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66 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Water Harvesting Cntur swales accumulating and string fr reuse befre it reaches the aquifer prvide drinking fr livestck & water fr irrigatin supplement the subsil water level strmwater harvesting

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68 Rainwater harvesting frm the rf

69 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Greywater Wastewater generated frm laundry & dishwashing Used fr landscape irrigatin and cnstructed wetlands Nt ptable (drinkable) Nt cnsidered blackwater Legal in Califrnia Must nt bury utlets

70 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Keyline Design a technique fr maximizing beneficial use f water resurces f a piece f land develped in Australia by farmer and engineer P. A. Yemans.

71 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Mulching & Sheet Mulching a prtective cver placed ver the sil Any rganic material can be used wd chips, leaves, cardbard, newspaper absrbs rainfall reduces evapratin suppresses weed grwth and seed germinatin prvides nutrients mderates diurnal temperature swings increases rganic matter in the sil prtects against frst feeds and creates habitat fr sil reduces ersin rganisms aids in the frmatin f humus

72 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Sheet mulching an agricultural, n-dig gardening technique that mimics natural prcesses ccurring within frests mimics the leaf cver that is fund n frest flrs Generates healthy, prductive and lw-maintenance ecsystems serves as a "nutrient bank" as the rganic matter slwly and naturally breaks dwn imprves the sil by attracting and feeding earthwrms, slaters and many ther sil micrrganisms, as well as adding humus prmtes accumulatins f earthwrms

73 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Intensive Rtatinal Grazing Grazing, dne wrng, can be envirnmentally destructive Managed Intensive Rtatinal Grazing (MIRG) ruminant and nn-ruminant herds and/r flcks are regularly mved t fresh pasture, range, r frest t maximize the quality and quantity f frage grwth cell grazing r flash grazing disturbance is fllwed by a perid f rest which allws new grwth can be used with cattle, sheep, gats, pigs, chickens, rabbits, geese, turkeys, ducks and ther animals depending n the natural eclgical cmmunity being mimicked One variatin n MIRG that is gaining rapid ppularity is called ec-grazing used t either cntrl invasives r re-establish native species

74 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Fruit Tree Management N-pruning ptin ften practiced by default in peple s back gardens reduces wrk can lead t higher verall yields Masanbu Fukuka - Ta-philsphy f Wú wéi ( n-actin against nature) - n unnecessary pruning trees shuld be raised all their lives withut pruning, s they frm healthy and efficient branch patterns that fllw their natural inclinatin achieved yields cmparable t r exceeding standard/intensive practices f using pruning and chemical fertilizatin

75 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Integrated Pest Management An ecsystem-based strategy Fcuses n lng-term preventin f pests r their damage Uses a cmbinatin f techniques: cultural, bilgical, physical, and chemical

76 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Natural building Building systems and materials that place majr emphasis n sustainability Straw bale Rammed earth Cbb Materials Durability and minimally prcessed t lessen the envirnmental impact withut sacrificing cmfrt, health r aesthetics Plentiful r renewable resurces, Recycled r salvaged materials

77 Permaculture Strategies & Practices (cnt.) Design cnsideratins include: Building rientatin utilizatin f lcal climate and site cnditins emphasis n natural ventilatin fundamentally reduce peratinal csts and envirnmental impact Building cmpactly t minimizing the eclgical ftprint n-site energy acquisitin n-site water capture alternate sewage treatment and water reuse

78 Permaculture Design Framewrk Observe & Survey Analysis & Assessment Visining Cnceptual Planning Master Planning Detailed Design Implement Maintain / Mnitr / Evaluate

79 Observe & Survey Observatin guides and grunds design s it is reflective and respnsive t place Develp a base map captures everything that exists n prperty Prperty lines Majr vegetatin Tpgraphy Pathways & driveways Hydrlgy (streams & creeks) Public utilities Wells & springs Sils Buildings (including neighbrs) Fences

80 Sectr Analysis Depicts what is happening n and arund the site Sun's path (at each seasn) Prevailing wind and rain directins Ht sun and shade areas, micrclimates Views Nise Fire danger

81 Lcal & State Regulatins Zning regulatins Building cdes HOA & Rad Assciatin CC&Rs Federal & State Regulatins Clean Water Act State Fish & Game State Water Resurces

82 Analysis & Assessment Withut assessment, design is nt rted in the land, but in eg Designs based n bservatin have a cnnectin t place Aim is t cmpse with rather than impse upn Identify Opprtunities & Cnstraints

83 Visining Gal setting: asks peple t envisin the future, state values, and develp a cmmn statement fr their visin and gals List the design systems and elements that supprt the visin/dream Structures: hme, greenhuse, barn, cps, shelters, etc. Fd: fd frest, edible landscape, veggie beds, etc. Energy: slar, wind Water

84 Cnceptual Planning The relative placement and prprtining f the areas Lcate, shape and size required areas using rugh bubble diagrams with ntes Define circulatin

85 Master Planning G int details determine size, shapes and lcatins f individual elements, use needs & yields and randm assembly methds t determine hw t cnnect pieces f design

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87 Implement A plan f actin t fllw based n pririties, budget and lgical rder f establishment Maintain / Mnitr / Evaluate

88 Permaculture fr the Hmesteader and Gardener Permaculture is neither a specific recipe, nr an end pint. Rather it is an nging prcess f harmnius adaptatin t nature s changing cnditins. Maddy Harland Yu dn t DO permaculture, yu USE Permaculture in what yu d. Sctt Pittman, Directr f The Permaculture Institute

89 Permaculture fr the Hmesteader and Gardener Resurces: Gaia s Garden: a Guide t Hmescale Permaculture Tby Hemenway, 2009 Edible Landscaping Rsalind Creasy, 2010

90 Cntact us: (Tues-Fri 9:00AM-Nn) Visit us at 311 Fairlane, Placerville