Marquette, Frontenac, St. Croix, La Crescent Training Trial

Transcription

1 Marquette, Frntenac, St. Crix, La Crescent Training Trial Dve Landing Vineyard Lincln, NE & Kimmel Research Site Nebraska City, NE Dr. Paul E Read & Stephen Gamet Department f Agrnmy and Hrticulture University f Nebraska - Lincln Backgrund and Ratinale: With the intrductin f new cultivars bred fr the clder climate cnditins in the central and nrthern states f Nrth America the chice f a training system is nt as clear-cut as systems emplyed fr the classic vinifera cultivars. The trials were set up t help determine hw a trellis system can and will influence yield, quality and the amunt f labr input that is required fr each system. Ultimately research results will be available t help grwers determine what system will prduce the highest quality f grapes with the lwest input f labr t maximize the best return n investment input. Treatments: Tw systems were chsen that best represent what is mst cmmnly used in the regin, but als the tw distinctly different treatments f either the upward r dwnward grwth habits f the plants. Vertical Sht Psitining (VSP) Lw r Mid crdn wire with catch wires abve crdn wire Upward sht psitining, canpy hedging, leaf remval High Wire System High (5 ft plus) crdn wire Dwnward sht psitining (sht cmbing) Methds:

2 Rw rientatin is Nrth t Suth Vines planted in 3-vine panels in a randmized cmplete blck design; grw tubes were used and remved mid-summer. Spacing between rws is 1ft, spacing between vines is 8ft. Trellis is cnstructed using steel Mannwerks Vertical Line Pst, 8in pressure treated Ldge Ple Pine end pst and high tensile 12.5 gauge wire; mid wire at 4 inches fr VSP and 6 inches fr High Wire System. Trellis end psts are set at a 9 angle and secured with a dead man and anchr wires Sil type Aksarben Silty Clay Lam Dve Landing Vineyard Sil type Mrrill Clay Lam Kimmel Orchard Research Site Turf type fescue grass has been retained fr the rw middles. Vines pruned in drmant seasn Standard weed, insect, disease management prgram used. Rw middles mwed as needed. Vines were pruned t shts every 4 t 5 inches with 4 t 5 buds per sht resulting in 2 t 25 buds per half crdn r 4 t 5 buds per plant. Sht thinning was nt necessary because f herbicide drift issues. Management f the vines was dne thrughut the grwing seasn. Fruit was cllected at véraisn and at time f harvest. At harvest, cluster numbers and yield data were cllected fr each representative blck f each cultivar. Results: Seasn as with the nce again experienced damage frm herbicide drift but was als affected by tw extreme cld weather events in late fall early winter in Octber and Nvember f 213. Temperatures reached well belw the freezing pint in the later part f Octber and then the single digits in mid Nvember. The temperatures in themselves may nt be s radical but the warm temperatures that bth preceded and fllwed these cld spells made them mre detrimental t the vines. The cld temperatures in the fall and winter (fur mnths with the lws reaching -7F r lwer) alng with the residual effects frm the herbicide drift and new drift prblems in the spring f caused death f mst f the primary buds. Additinal mrtality was bserved t crdns r in sme cases the whle plant. The stresses the plants have been under are reflected in their pruning weights (Table 1). The seasn was spent mstly trying t retrain the vines resulting in very little crp that was ultimately drpped fr the health and recvery f the plants. Figure 1. Temperature extremes in degrees Fahrenheit at Dve Landing Vineyard during the perid Octber 1, 213 thrugh March 31,. 1 5 Temp High Temp Lw -5 Table 1. Dve Landing Vineyard Pruning Weights

3 Dve Landing Pruning Weights fr Weight kg 213 Weight lbs 213 Weight kg Blck 1 Chamburcin NA NA.18.4 MN St. Crix Frntenac Vidal Blanc MN Blck 2 MN Sabrevis Seyval/ MN Valiant/ Marquette MN MN Weight lbs Figure 2. mrtality f primary buds at Dve Landing April 22,. % Bud Mrtality % Bud Mrtality Chamburcin MN 1235 St. Crix Frntenac Vidal Blanc MN 122 Sabrevis Seyval/11-14 MN 1258 Valiant/11-14 Marquette MN 1235 MN 1189 Table 2. Dve Landing Vineyard Plant Evaluatin: Disease and Other Prblems (bservatins July, )

4 Dve Landing Plant Evaluatin Disease and Other Prblems fr Blck 1 Insect Herbicide Damage Leaf Spt Black Rt Phyllxera Chamburcin NA 3 1 MN NA 3 1 St. Crix NA 3 2 Frntenac NA 3 2 Vidal Blanc NA 3 1 MN NA 3 2 MN NA 3 2 Sabrevis NA 3 1 Seyval/ NA 3 1 MN NA 3 1 Valiant/11-14 NA 1 NA 2 NA 1 NA NA NA 1 Marquette NA 3 2 MN NA 3 2 MN NA 3 2 Ratings 1 thru 3 with 1 shwing n signs f prblems and 3 being the wrst Blck 2 : Rainfall fr the mnths f April and May ttaled under 6 inches, less than 3 inches fr each mnth. June rainfall ttal was nearly 7.5 inches then July under 1.5 inches. August s ttal was ver 5.25 inches. The rainfall ttals fr April and May were inadequate fr bud break, flwering and fruit set. Then the heavy rainfall in June didn t help with the disease cntrl. The lw July rain ttal slwed the verall grwth f the plant. All the cultivars with the exceptin St. Crix had sht grwth f less than a meter and in 9 f the 12 ther cultivars less than a half meter f sht grwth. In plants that were being retrained frm the rts grwth averaged between 1 t 1.5 meters in length. Nt very gd fr plants that in mst years will grw frm 3 t 6 meters in a single seasn. Figure 3. Mnthly Rain Fall in Inches April thru September, 1 5 Mnthly Rain Fall In Inches April-September Mnthly Rain Fall In Inches April-September Diseases: Data were taken n Leaf Spt and Black Rt. Phmpsis and Anthracnse culd als be seen.

5 Insects: Insects that caused the mst damage were white fly and leaf hppers. Leaf Phyllxera was present but nt in damaging amunts. Brer Damage: Of the 228 plants in the research planting 143 were bserved t have sme level f grape cane brer (apple twig brer) infestatin. S 62.7% f the research plt is infested at sme level with brer damage. The main reasn fr this infestatin is the reluctance f the vineyard wner t burn the last three years prunings. Table 3. Percentage f Plants by Cultivar Infested by Brers Observed at Pruning. Brer Infestatin Site Blck Cultivar Brer Infestatin Percentage DL1 1 Chamburcin 1% DL1 1 MN % DL1 1 St. Crix 69% DL1 1 Frntenac 67% DL1 1 Vidal Blanc 72% DL1 1 MN % DL1 2 MN 122 1% DL1 2 Sabrevis 82% DL1 2 Seyval/ % DL1 2 MN % DL1 2 Valiant/ % DL1 2 Marquette 88% DL1 2 MN % DL1 2 MN % Future Observatins f Interest: The earlier bud break cultivars are nt nly mre susceptible t late spring freezes but als are mre susceptible t herbicide drift. State wine vineyards suffered frm the extreme 213 Fall temperatures unless the lcatin has gd air drainage. Many vineyards thrughut the state suffered anywhere frm a cmplete die back t the grund r crp lsses up t 7 r 8%. Octber 25, 213, experienced a lw f 24 F. The tw days befre and after Octber 25 the temperature was 28 F r lwer. Nvember recrded 4 days f single digit temperature lws and December 4 days f negative temperature lws.