Design of a Geothermal Energy Dryer for Tea Withering and Drying in Wayang Windu Geothermal Field

Transcription

1 Prceedings Wrld Gethermal Cngress 2010 Bali, Indnesia, April 2010 Design f a Gethermal Energy Dryer fr Tea Withering and Drying in Wayang Windu Gethermal Field Suyant 1, Taufan Surana 2, Jatmik Pri Atmj 3, and Bambang Teguh Prasety 4 The Agency fr The Assessment and Applicatin f Technlgy (BPPT) Building II BPPT, 20th flr, JL. M.H Thamrin N.8 Jakarta 1 yantsilv@yah.cm; 2 taufansurana@gmail.cm; 3 jp_atmj@yah.cm; 4 prasety@dctr.cm Keywrds: direct use, tea withering and drying, design engineering ABSTRACT The Wayang Windu pwer plant in West Jawa, Indnesia, has been prducing pwer since June 2000 and is currently delivering 220 MW f electricity int the natinal grid. The plant is perated by Magma Nusantara Limited (MNL), which has a Jint Operating Cntract (JOC) with Pertamina Gethermal Energy (PGE), and uses flash steam technlgy, in which steam is used t generate electricity by directly driving a large turbine. At present, 100% f the brine is injected int injectin wells lcated 14 km suth f the plant. The Wayang Windu pwer plant is surrnded by tea plantatins and villages. There are als three tea factries in this area. The Malabar tea factry is the largest amng them and is lcated within 500 m f the brine pipeline. The maximum prduct capacity f the Malabar is 63 tnnes per day. Thse tea plantatin and factries are managed by PTP Nusantara VIII. Currently, the heat surce fr withering and drying tea leaves in Malabar tea plantatin is Industrial Diesel Oil (IDO). Malabar burns abut 1.25 millins liters per year f IDO. The ht brine can be used as a replacement fr IDO. Three parties (BPPT, MNL/PGE and PTP Nusantara VIII) prpsed t utilize the brine t replace IDO. The engineering design fr replacing IDO is presented here. Als, the thermdynamics and the main cmpnents (heat exchangers) fr withering and drying are discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION West Jawa is a prvince which has a huge gethermal ptential apprximately 20% f Indnesia s ttal gethermal ptential which equals 5311 MWe. These ptentials spread ut in 11 regencies, and in several fields have been used t generate electricity that are cnnected t the natinal grid. These fields are Gunung Salak Gethermal Pwer Plant (375 MW) at Bgr regency, Wayang Windu Gethermal Pwer Plant (2x110 MW) and Kamjang Gethermal Pwer Plant (200 MW) at Bandung regency, and Darajat Gethermal Pwer Plant (255 MW) at Garut regency. The ttal electricity prduced is 1050 MW. In additin t generating electricity, in several gethermal fields direct applicatins such as natural turism and ht water bathing at Ciater, Tangkuban Perahu, Cimanggu and Rancawalini are perating. Gethermal energy can be used directly t help prcesses like heating, drying, sterilizatin, and/r pasteurizatin. Gethermal energy surces in Indnesia lcated in muntainus and inland regins are ften clse t agricultural fields, plantatins, flristries, breeding include fisheries and turism in the surrunding area. In such areas, gethermal energy can be used fr drying and preservatin 1 f agricultural prducts (tea, cffee, caca, etc), grwing medium sterilizatin (mushrms, ptates, etc), breeding prduct pasteurizatin (milk, etc), bathing, and ther prcesses like leather tanning, metals, and s frth. Thus far, many agr industries use large amunts f il as energy surces fr drying, heating, sterilizatin, pasteurizatin prcesses, etc. Thermal energy frm il fuels fr thse agr industry businesses can be substituted with gethermal energy using heat transfer technlgies (heat exchangers). There are tea plantatins and 3 tea factries near Wayang Windu gethermal field West Jawa. Heating prcess in the tea factry are withering and drying, which are still fueled by il. Oil fuels can be replaced by gethermal energy frm Wayang Windu gethermal field. With the backgrunds described abve, the Agency fr the Assessment and Applicatin Technlgy BPPT plans t ptimize gethermal energy ptential in West Jawa, especially at Wayang Windu gethermal field West Jawa. Fr this, an engineering design f heat exchanger cmpnents is needed fr withering and drying prcesses with gethermal energy as a energy surce. This activity is centered arund the Malabar tea plantatin near Wayang Windu gethermal field. 2. THE MALABAR TEA FACTORY MALABAR Based n histry, all plantatin areas in Pengalengan were develped by K.A.R Bsscha in the yea f All prducts frm that tea plantatin were prcessed by 3 tea factries in that area, i.e. Malabar, Kertamanah, and Purbasari tea factries. Amng them, the Malabar tea factry is the biggest with maximum capacity arund 63 tns per day. Nw, the tea plantatin area and the 3 tea factries are managed by PTP Nusantara VIII. The Malabar tea plantatin has a cncessin area f ha with prducing tea plants (PTP) n ha, nt prducing tea plants (NPT) n ha, prducing cinchna plants (PCP) n 7 ha, and nt prducing cinchna plants (NPC) n ha. The rest f this cncessin area is used fr the factry and husing estate ( ha), nnplanted area ( ha), seedbed (1.08 ha), and ther uses (5.53 ha). 2.1 Tea Prductin Tea prductin frm the Malabar plantatin in the perid f 1955 t 1974 was relative cnstant at abut 7500 tns per year. Since then, prductin has increased t abut twice that f This increased prductin was caused by rejuvenatin f tea plants in the year 1974 using a cutting system fr tea plants in which a seed system was planted

2 Suyant et al. befre. This cutting system has prductive perids when plants are 5 until 50 years ld. The tea prductin depends n the seasn. During the rainy seasn, the prductin can reach 100 tns per day, whereas in dry seasn, the prductin is very lw, just between tns per day. Based n the prductin data in the year f 2004, wet tea prducts during 1 year were 15,383,241 tns and after prcessed t be dry tea were 3,425,999 tns. Figure 1 shws the tea prductin frm the year 2004 t the year fr the drying prcess and 0.11 liter fr the withering prcess. The estimated IDO requirement fr the Malabar tea factry is abut 1.27 millin liter per year. The IDO cnsumptin fr the Malabar tea factry in the year 2005 can be seen in Figure 4. PICKING WITHERING GRINDING Withering (25-28 C) OXIDISING ENZYIMATIC Drying ( C) DRYING SORTING PACKING Energy Surce (2005): IDO (1.2mil litre/yr = Rp.4.5bil/yr) Figure 2: Tea Leaf Prcessing at Malabar Tea Factry PTP Nusantara VIII Figure 1: Dry Tea Prductin PTPN VIII factry Malabar Plantatin West Jawa 2.2 Tea Leaf Prcessing Generally, fresh tea leaves which have been cut frm the tea plantatin are first prcessed by withering, and then grinding r milling, xidatin, drying, srting, packing and string in a strehuse. The withering prcess is aimed t reduce water cncentratin f arund 55%. This prcess is cnducted by blwing mixed air (fresh air and ht air) t maintain a temperature f C. During rain seasn, the water cncentratin in the tea leaf is relatively higher than during dry seasn, s withering takes lnger arund (18-20 hurs), whereas in dry seasn, it is just arund hurs. Figure 3: Machine layut Malabar tea factry PTP Nusantara VIII The milling prcess is carried ut t break tea leaves t pwder, and then the xidatin prcess is perfrmed t achieve black tea pwder. The aim in the xidatin prcess is t reduce smell f the leaves, giving red clr when puring with water. The drying prcess is cnducted by blwing ht air with temperatures f C. The drying prcess lasts between 2 and 3 hurs. This prcess is aimed t reduce the water cncentratin t less than 2%. The next prcesses are srting, packing, and stckpiling in the strehuse. Figure 2 shws the flw chart f tea leaf prcessing at the Malabar tea factry, and Figure 3 shws the layut f machines in the Malabar tea factry PTPN VIII. 2.3 The Energy Need in Tea Factry The energy needs fr tea prcessing is very high. In Malabar tea factry, this need is supplied by burning IDO (Industrial Diesel Oil). The largest energy requirement is needed fr the drying prcess. The ther prcess which requires als large amunt f energy is the withering prcess. The IDO cnsumptin f the Malabar is 0.35 liter fr 1 kilgram dry tea per year, in which 0.24 liter is needed 2 Figure 4: The IDO cnsumptin 2005 in the Malabar tea factry The energy need is used fr 5 drying machines and 4 Heat Exchanger withering machines, with the ttal pwer as shwn belw: The dryer cnsists f 5 radiatr units, each with a capacity f 3,000,000 BTU, and there are 4 radiatr units fr the withering prcess, each with a capacity f 1,500,000 BTU. Therefre, the ttal required heat fr the withering and drying prcesses is at least 6.10 MWt.

3 Suyant et al. 3. THE CALCULATION OF SYSTEM AND HEAT EXCHANGER COMPONENTS FOR TEA DRYING PROCESS 3.1 The Wrk Principle and Main Character f Tea Drying Prcess (Thermdynamic Cycle) Figure 5 shws the thermdynamic wrk principle in the tea drying prcess with a gethermal energy surce schematically accrding t type f wrking fluid circulatin. This system generally cnsists f 3 main lps: 1. Lp 1: gethermal energy 2. Lp 2: wrking fluid and 3. Lp 3: cld/ht air circulatin Flw Rate=270 tn/hr=75 Brine Temperature=180 0 C Pressure= 10 bar Fr a maintenance purpse f the brine, the design will use nly 55 f brine, which can substitute energy requirements f machines used fr withering and drying prcesses. If the thermal energy frm this ht water is pssible t extract until C withut causing technical prblems like scaling, 55 f ht water can be re-injected t prduce 9.57 MW, accrding t the fllwing calculatin: & (1) Q = m xc p x T Where m&, C p, T are water mass flw rate (), water specific heat (kj/kg.c), and reductin temperature ( 0 C). This available heat f 9.57 MW can substitute energy requirements f machines fr withering and drying prcesses. Figure 5: Scheme f System and Heat Exchanger Cmpnents fr Tea Drying Prcess 1. Gethermal fluid is separated in a separatr t be steam and brine. The steam is used t drive a turbine, and then the turbine generates electricity. Whereas the brine flws thrugh a heat exchanger (evapratr) t change liquid wrking fluid t a vapr, in this study the wrking fluid is water. The brine which cmes ut frm the evapratr flws t re-injectin wells. The evapratr can als be called a steam generatr. 2. The superheated vapr f the wrking fluid that is prduced frm the evapratr is used fr withering and drying tea prcesses. Subsequently, the superheated vapr f the wrking fluid frm the evapratr is cndensed thrugh air-blwn heat exchanger. The cling medium is air. The cndensed wrking fluid is then circulated using a feed pump t the evapratr and s n in the wrking fluid lp. One kind f the feed pump which can be used is a hermetic centrifugal system. 3. The cling medium is changed frm fresh air t ht air. The ht air flws thrugh withering radiatrs and the drying radiatrs, thus facilitating the tea drying prcesses. 3.2 Prject Data Wayang Windu Gethermal Brine Surce This calculatin will use reinjectin wells frm WWF. WWF is lcated abut 14 km suth f the pwer plant unit 1 (110MW), and the brine pipe t WWF is abut 500 m frm Malabar tea factry, as shwn in Figure 6. The brine data f WWF is as fllws: 3 Figure 6: Layut Brine WWF Silica Scaling Calculatin frm Brine The available chemical data frm the brine WWF mainly is f SiO 2 cntent (Quartz). Therefre, the silica scaling calculatin requires that the disslutin f amrphus silica has been measured in the saturated pressure by Furnier and Rwe, 1977, with disslving equatin as belw: 731 lg = T C (2) Where: C, and T are cncentratin (mg/kg) in slutin and abslute temperature (K). Table 1 shws WWF brine temperatures, SiO 2 cntent (Quartz), and SSI value frm 2003 t SSI is calculated based n frmula 2. SSI is the index rati frm silica cncentrate in the brine with the amrphus silica slutin. If SSI>1, the separated brine is supersaturated with respect t amrphus silica (silica scaling ccurs). The average value f SSI 1.40, s the crrespnding brine temperature SiO 2 cntent are C and 848 mg/kg, respectively.

4 Suyant et al. Table 1. WWF Brine Data and SSI at Wayang Windu Gethermal Field. c. Main Fan i. Brand name: Brustead ii. Vlume: CFM d. Electric Mtr i. Pwer: 15kW ii. Vltage: 220/380 iii. RPM: units f radiatrs with BTU fr drying prcess, 4 unit radiatr with BTU fr withering prcess 4. 5 drying units cnsist f 1 unit FBD (F Bed Dryer), 4 unit TSD (Tw Stage Dryer (TSD) 350 kg/jam/dry fr unit FBD kg/jam/dry fr unit TSD 3.2 Tpgraphy (Pipe Line Alternative) Based n general infrmatin, the distance frm the WWF brine pipeline t the Malabar tea factry is abut 500 m. Hwever, accrding t the tedlid tpgraphy survey that was carried ut, there are 2 feasible alternative lines, as shwn in Figure 7: Technical Data f the Malabar Tea Factry The main cmpnents in drying prcess cnsist f an il burner, blwer (main fan), and ducting. Technical data frm this equipment is as fllws: 1. Withering Trugh and Mixing Chamber Ф frime: 48 Electric Mtr: 7.5 kw Vltage: 220/380 RPM: 975 Air Vlume: CFM Trugh/Sectin Measurement (42 units): Length: 245 cm Wide: 183 cm High: 93 cm kg wet tea 2. NU Way Bensn Heat Exchanger (HE Withering Machine) a. HE Withering i. Brand name: Bensn ii. Mdel: EM-440 b. Burner i. Brand name : NU-Way L3 ii. Vltage: 220/380 iii. Pwer: 0,75 kw iv. RPM: 2800 Figure 7: Pssible Piping Layut frm Brine t Tea Malabar Factry Figure 7 describes that alternative line 1 takes place n the east side f the Malabar tea factry alng the tea plantatin. The pint f the steam generatr that transfers heat frm the brine t the fresh water will be placed within a radius f 5 m frm the brine pipeline. The wrk principle f the steam generatr (ne f the main cmpnents) is explained abve. The sil cntur differences alng the line between the tea factry and the brine pipeline vary frm 4 t 29 m. The highest difference f 29 m is between the HE steam generatr and the factry. Hwever, alng a distance f ± 250 m, the sil cntur difference is just ± 1 m. This alternative line 1 walks alng the path side, s that there is n need t clear land f the tea plantatin area. Pipeline 1, which carries fresh water frm the steam generatr t the factry bundary has a distance f abut 500 m. Figure 7 als shws that alternative line 2 is lcated n the nrth side f the Malabar tea factry alng the tea plantatin and the main rad. The sil cntur differences alng the line between the tea factry and the brine pipeline differ frm 1 m t 12 m, in which 12 m is the highest difference between the HE steam generatr and the factry. This alternative line 2 ges alng the path side t the main rad, then alng the main rad t the tea factry s that als it is nt required t clear land f the tea plantatin area. Pipeline 2 has a distance f 535 m t the factry. Based n the explanatin abve and a security factr, this alternative line 1 is cnfirmed fr a pressure drp calculatin that is described belw. 4

5 Suyant et al. 3.3 Tea Drying Layut And Piping System Figure 8 shws the Malabar tea factry layut with an area f 70 m x 128 m. This factry cnsists f the tp and bttm withering rms and areas fr milling, and enzymatic xidatin, drying, srting and packing. Figure 8 als describes a piping system in which a red pipeline indicates steam frm HE steam generatr t the withering and drying prcesses and a blue pipeline shws ht water ruted back t the HE steam generatr. The piping system will be cmpleted with measuring instruments like temperature and pressure gauges and flw meters. The drying rm is perfectly islated, s there is n heat lss frm the drying rm system. The main cmpnents in the tea drying prcess cnsist f an evapratr (steam generatr), withering machines, drying machines, fans and blwers. After the mass and heat balance calculatin, the calculatins f the thermal and main mechanical cmpnents, the steam generatr and air heaters (withering and drying machines), are carried ut. The HTFS sftware develped by Brackenbury, et al (1993) can be used fr these calculatins. The design f a heat exchanger cnsists f three steps i.e. thermal design, mechanical design, and checking. In the thermal design stage, the prcess cnditins and limitatins are inserted t the prgram alng with the preferences t meet prcess requirements and engineering designer interests. In this step, the cnfiguratin is set and the perfrmance f the exchanger is calculated. The exchanger cnfiguratin is then evaluated t satisfy mechanical limitatins. Then the crrected cnfiguratin is reexamined t evaluate the perfrmance f the heat exchanger. Figure 8: Tea Drying Layut and Piping System 3.4 General Infrmatin and Assumptins fr Mass and Heat Balance Calculatins A mass and heat balance calculatin with the thermdynamic parameters frm WWF brine and the parameters frm tea withering and drying prcess can be cnducted analytically r by using sftware that can perfrm the fluid thermdynamic prperty calculatins and run the mdels fr each perating cnditin. Sme examples f such sftware are EES and HYSYS. The calculatin is carried ut with varius assumptins shwn belw: The utside air temperature is 15 0 C, and the brine temperature at t the utlet f the evapratr is greater than r equal t C, at which silica scaling will nt ccur (see silica scaling calculatin). Air inside the drying rm transfers thermal energy cnvectively; air transferred due t radiatin prcesses can be neglected because cnvective flw mves rapidly The Calculatin Result and Analysis Fllwing is the calculatin f the steam generatr and air heaters design fr the Malabar tea factry. The steam generatr is designed t prduce vapr frm fresh water, and the ht fluid is the brine WWF. The air heaters are designed t heat air that will be used as a drying and withering medium. Vapr frm fresh water is used as ht fluid. The purpse f these design calculatins is t mdify the existing system in the Malabar tea factry. The factry uses direct fire heaters fr heating air, and the energy surce fr direct fire heaters is IDO. In this installatin, there are 5 fans including the ducting system t supply ht air t 5 drying rms, while 4 unit fans tgether with the ducting system supply ht air t the 4 withering rms. The air capacity f each fan is The existing ducting system must be cnsidered in this design. Therefre, just 2 units f the air heaters fr withering prcesses are designed, in which each air heater unit represents 2 withering rms. In fitting t the required cnditins, the engineering design is limited t: Fined Tube Air Heater design and Steam Generatr with a type f Shell and Tube mdel BKU. The thermal and mechanical design f the Air Heaters and the Steam Generatr can be perfrmed with help f HTFS sftware. With respect t all cnstraints abve, the steam generatr and air heater design will be fitted t within these bundaries and hpefully n big temperature differences will ccur. The design calculatins are cnsidered with 3 temperature peratin cnditins belw: a) Mdel I : The existing fans with the utside air temperatures are kept at 100 C fr withering prcess and 120 C fr drying prcess. b) Mdel II: The existing fans are maintained with brine utilizatin up t 55. c) Mdel III: Air temperature is 100 C fr withering prcess and 120 C fr drying prcess, and the brine utilizatin is limited up t 55.

6 Suyant et al. The results f the design calculatins f the steam generatr and the air heaters fr the three mdels is shwn here. a. Mdel I a.1. Air heaters fr withering prcess: (2 unit) Air mass flw rate: Air temperature inlet: 15 C Air temperature utlet: 100 C Vapr temperature: 140 C Cndensate temperature: 140 C Vapr mass flw rate: (frm heat balance calculatin) a.2. Air heaters fr drying prcess: (5 unit) Air mass flw rate: Air temperature inlet: 15 C Air temperature utlet: 121 C Vapr temperature : 140 C Cndensate temperature: 140 C Vapr mass flw rate: 0.71 (frm heat balance calculatin) a.3. Shell and Tube Steam Generatr, type BKU: (1 unit) Fresh water mass flw rate: Fresh water temperature inlet: 135 C Vapr temperature utlet: 145 C Brine temperature inlet : 180 C Brine temperature utlet: 150 C Brine mass flw rate: (frm heat balance calculatin) b. Mdel II b.1. Shell and Tube Steam Generatr, BKU type: (1 unit) Brine temperature inlet : C Brine temperature utlet : C Gethermal brine mass flw rate: 55 Fresh water temperature inlet: C Vapr temperature utlet: C Fresh water mass flw rate: (frm heat balance calculatin) Technical design specificatin every unit: Measurement : 875/ mm Thermal pwer: 7788 kw / unit Tube type: Plain tube Tube material: SS 304 Shell material: Carbn Steel Channel, Cver, Nzzle, Flange, Tube-sheet (tube side) material: SS 304 Nzzle, Flange, baffle (shell side) material: Carbn steel Ttal High: 1.1 m Ttal Wide: m Ttal length: m 6 Number f Tube: 1020 tubes b.2. Air heaters fr withering prcess: (2 units) Air mass flw rate: Air temperature inlet: 15 C Air temperature utlet: C (frm heat balance calculatin) Vapr temperature: 140 C Cndensate temperature: 140 C Vapr mass flw rate: b.3. Air heaters fr drying prcess: (5 units) Air mass flw rate: Air temperature inlet: 15 C Air temperature utlet: C (frm heat balance calculatin) Vapr temperature : 140 C Cndensate temperature: 140 C Vapr mass flw rate: kg/s c. Mdel III c.1. Shell and Tube Steam Generatr, tipe BKU: (1 unit) Design data f every unit is the same as a data b.1 Technical design specificatin every unit the same as a data b.1 c.2. Air heaters fr withering prcess: (2 unit) Air mass flw rate: (frm heat balance calculatin) Air temperature inlet: 15 C Air temperature utlet: 100 C Vapr temperature: 140 C Cndensate temperature: 140 C Vapr mass flw rate: Technical design specificatin every unit: Thermal pwer: kw /unit Tube type: tube fined Tube material: Carbn Steel Fin material: Aluminum 1060 Materials f Header, Cver, Nzzle, Flange, Tube-sheet : Carbn Steel Ttal high: m Ttal wide: 1.25 m Ttal thick: 0.63 m Tube number: 420 units c.3. Air heaters fr drying prcess: (5 unit) Air mass flw rate: (frm heat balance calculatin) Air temperature inlet: 15 C Air temperature utlet: 120 C Vapr temperature : 140 C Cndensate temperature: 140 C Vapr mass flw rate: Data Technical design specificatin every unit: Thermal pwer: kw /unit Tube type: tube fined

7 Suyant et al. Tube material: Carbn Steel Fin material: Aluminum 1060 Materials f Header, Cver, Nzzle, Flange, Tube-sheet : Carbn Steel Ttal high: 1,304 m Ttal wide: 1,25 m Ttal thick: 0.60 m Tube number: 390 units The calculatin result f mdel I shws that the amunt f brine is This cnditin is nt feasible because the maximum brine WWF has a capacity f 75. If mdel II is used, the utside air temperature fr the withering prcess is C, and C fr the drying prcess. This is als nt pssible fr the tea withering and drying prcess cnditins in the Malabar factry. If mdel III is used, the air mass flw rate per unit fr withering prcess is 9.321, and fr drying prcess. It is als nt feasible fr the fan t wrk at 100% f the prductin capacity, but just 66% f the fan capacity. The psitive side f the design calculatin results is that the ducting system at the Malabar tea factry can still be used fr all calculatin mdels. In pint f fact, the fan perating cnditins in the factry are at 55% f the available fan capacity. Therefre, the mdel III can be applied fr calculating the system and heat exchanger cmpnents f the tea withering and drying prcesses at the Malabar tea factry. The figures f the steam generatr and the air heaters frm the calculatin results are shwn in the attachment Feed Pump A feed pump is used t circulate wrking fluid in the lp that is suitable at the pressure and flw rate intended. The efficiency f this pump is cmmnly arund 55% (rati f hydraulic pwer t electricity cnsumptin), but the adiabatic efficiency is abut 75%. The pwer f the feed pump required fr circulatin in the tea factry is abut 55 kw Pressure Drp Pressure drp f steam r even ht water frm the heat exchanger steam generatr t the tea withering and drying units alng the pipe can ccur during the fluid transprtatin (see Figure 9). The pressure drp calculatin belw refers t CRANE TECHNICAL PAPER NO.410M, N. Jenis Fitting jumlah keterangan 1 Pipa 10 inch 680 m Carbn steel 2 Pipa 2 inch 680 m 3 Elbw buah inch 4 Elbw 90 2 inch 12 buah 5 Elbw inch 2 buah 6 Elbw 45 2 inch 2 buah 7 Tee 10 inch 2 buah 8 Tee 2 inch 2 buah Figure 9: Piping rad frm the Steam Generatr t the tea factry 7 The nminal size f the pipes is btained frm the nzzle infrmatin f the steam generatr and air heaters, and als frm the reasnable velcities. The nminal sizes fr steam and ht water pipes are 10 in. and 2 in., respectively. The cmmercial steel pipe with its schedule can give the infrmatin f the frictin-factr, which can reduce the pressure alng the pipe. In general, the pressure drp calculatins cunt n the fllwing items: Type f the cmmercial steel pipe Representative resistance cefficients (K) fr valves, fittings, and flanges. Figure 9 shws the minimum amunt f 2 unit standard 90 0 elbws, 2 unit standard 45 0 elbws, and 0 2 unit standard tee that are needed. The straight-line pipe The level differences between cmpnents. In this study, the level difference between the steam generatr and the factry is 25 m. Therefre, based n the abve cnsideratins, the ttal pressure drp P ttal frm the steam generatr t the drying is abut 0.35 bar, whereas t withering unit I P ttal is arund 0.39 bar, and t withering unit II P ttal is abut 0.43 bar. CONCLUSION There are several cnclusins can be drawn frm this study: The separated brine WWF at Wayang Windu gethermal field can fulfill the substitutin f IDO (industrial diesel il) fr all heating prcesses in the Malabar tea factry. The design calculatins f the system and heat exchanger cmpnents fr tea heating prcesses were cnducted with cnsideratins f 3 temperature peratin cnditin mdels, i.e.; Mdel I keeping the existing fans with the utside air temperatures are 100 C fr withering prcess and 120 C fr drying prcess; Mdel II maintaining the existing fans with brine utilizatin f up t 55 ; and Mdel III specifying air temperatures f 100 C fr the withering prcess and 120 C fr the drying prcess, with brine utilizatin limited t 55. Of the three mdels, Mdel III is mst feasible if referred t all prcess parameters, althugh the fan just wrks at 66% f the fan full capacity. Hwever, the mst psitive side f the calculatin results is that the existing ducting system can still be used fr all calculatin mdels. In fact, the 4 th mdel can be prpsed t simulate that vapr generated frm the steam generatr is ttally used fr 100% f the withering prcess. Crrespndingly, the rest f the vapr is used fr drying prcess by keeping ne unit perating a direct fire heater. The ttal pressure drp P ttal frm the steam generatr t the drying is abut 0.35 bar, whereas t withering unit I P ttal is arund 0.39 bar, and t withering unit II P ttal is abut 0.43 bar. REFERENCES Arthur P. Fraas, Heat Exchanger Design, 2 nd Editin, Jhn Wiley & Sns, Brackenbury H. J., Evans D. J. and Gibns D. B., HTFS- Design Reprt, Harwell-Natinal Engineering Labratry-Chalk River Lbratries, UK, 1993 HEDH, vl. 3, Tehrmal and Hydraulic Design f Heat Exchangers, Hemsphere Publishing Crpratin, 1983.

8 Suyant et al. Saunders E. A. D., Heat Exchangers Selectin, Design and Cnstructin, Lngman Scientific & Technical, Sinnt R. K., Culsn & Richardsn s Chemical Engineering, Vl. 6, Butterwrth-Heinemann, Sudarman S., Pujiant R., and Budiarj B., The Gunung Wayang-Windu Gethermal Area In West Java, Prceedings Indnesian Petrleum Assciatin, Fifteenth Annual Cnventin, Octber, Sugiantr, G., Hantn, D., Sunary, D., Alteratin Mineralgy f The Wayang-Windu Gethermal Field, West Java, Indnesia, Prceedings f The Indnesian Assciatin f Gelgists XXI Annual Scientific Meeting, Ygyakarta, December 7-10, Sugiyn, Agus., Energy Supply Optimizatin With Cnsidering The Ecnmic Crisis in Indnesia, Prceedings f the 8 th Scientific Meeting, Indnesian Students Assciatin in Japan, Osaka, Suminar A., Mlling P., and Rhrs D., Gechemical Cntributins t A Cnceptual Mdel f Wayang Windu Field, Indnesia, Gldschmidt Cnference Abstracts, Suryantini, Ashat A.. et al. Searching fr an Opprtunity in the Develpment f Direct Use Gethermal Resurces; A Case Study in West Java Prvince Indnesia, Prceedings Wrld Gethermal Cngress 2005, Antalya, Turkey, April 2005 TEMA, 7th Editin, ; Flw f Fluids thrugh Valves, Fittings, and Pipe, CRANE TECHNICAL PAPER NO.410M, ENCLOSURE 1.: STEAM GENERATOR TYPE BKU ENCLOSURE 2.: AIR HEATER FOR WITHERING AND DRYING 8